Newsletter Volume 9, Issue 4 December 2024
Session A-1 / Session A-2 / Session A-3 /Session B / Session C-1 / Session C-2 / Session D-1 /Session D-2 / Session E
Session A-1
Pile Performance/Piling Mechanism
Pile Performance/Piling Mechanism
Chair: Hidetoshi Nishioka
Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Chuo University
Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Chuo University
In Session A1, six beneficial research results were presented that contribute to solving various practical problems related to the performance and mechanisms of sheet piles and steel pipe piles. A summary of these is given below.
A01: Some peculiarities of U-shape sheet piles driven into the sandy soil
Prof. Michael Doubrovsky of Odessa National Maritime University reported the results of his research focusing on the behavior of sheet pile interlocks. He reported on experiments in which 10 m sheet piles were driven into the ground, and the shear resistance of the interlock was measured directly. He also proposed methods for evaluating retaining wall stiffness and increasing stiffness by driving at an angle.
A02: Experimental study on bearing behavior of a single model pile in unsaturated sandy ground with various groundwater levels
Assistant Professor Xi Xiong of Kanazawa University reported on the vertical bearing capacity of open-ended pipe piles in unsaturated sandy soil. She conducted model experiments with carefully controlled saturation in a gravity field. She also made detailed measurements of the soil displacement inside the pipe and reported valuable insights into plugging behavior and the effects of skin friction. Note that Dr. Xiong received the ICPE 2024 Best Presentation Award.
A03: Application of optical fibers to measuring horizontal deformation of sheet piles during static load tests
Mr. Koichi Okada of GIKEN LTD. reported on the results of measurements using optical fiber in horizontal loading tests of actual sheet piles. He reported that the tilt angle and horizontal displacement obtained by integrating the results of continuous strain measurements agreed well with those obtained by conventional discrete inclinometers.
A04: Determination of the Optimal Angle between Vertical and Inclined Piles used for Embankment Protection during Earthquakes
Prof. Hemanta Hazarika of Kyushu University presented the reinforcement method of highway embankments on liquefied ground using diagonal piles. The reinforcement effect of the diagonal piles was evaluated by dynamic effective stress analysis, referring to a model vibration experiment in a gravity field that was conducted separately. The most appropriate angle of the diagonal pile was proposed.
A05: Finite element study on the response of screw pile with open and closed shaft in dense sand
Dr. Adnan Anwar Malik of The University of Newcastle reported on the results of the FEM analysis of screw pile tip behavior. The analysis is based on a numerically validated vertical loading test of a closed-end model pile in dry sandy soil with a 200 mm penetration depth. The effect of the presence of soil plugs is reported as a numerical parametric study for the case of open-ended piles.
A06: Effect of pile embedment length on horizontal and vertical displacement of a pile under repeated lateral loading
Prof. Yoshiaki Kikuchi of Tokyo University of Science (now Coastal Development Institute of Technology) presented the results of gravity field model experiments in dry sand on the behavior of piles subjected to repeated horizontal loading. He reported that when the pile rooting is short, it shows very interesting behavior that it is lifted vertically by repeated positive-negative cyclic horizontal loading. As a guide, the embedment ratio Er, which is defined as L / lm1 (where L is the embedment depth and lm1 is the depth of the first zero bending moment of the pile in case of an infinitively long pile) is also reported to be important.
A01: Some peculiarities of U-shape sheet piles driven into the sandy soil
Prof. Michael Doubrovsky of Odessa National Maritime University reported the results of his research focusing on the behavior of sheet pile interlocks. He reported on experiments in which 10 m sheet piles were driven into the ground, and the shear resistance of the interlock was measured directly. He also proposed methods for evaluating retaining wall stiffness and increasing stiffness by driving at an angle.
A02: Experimental study on bearing behavior of a single model pile in unsaturated sandy ground with various groundwater levels
Assistant Professor Xi Xiong of Kanazawa University reported on the vertical bearing capacity of open-ended pipe piles in unsaturated sandy soil. She conducted model experiments with carefully controlled saturation in a gravity field. She also made detailed measurements of the soil displacement inside the pipe and reported valuable insights into plugging behavior and the effects of skin friction. Note that Dr. Xiong received the ICPE 2024 Best Presentation Award.
A03: Application of optical fibers to measuring horizontal deformation of sheet piles during static load tests
Mr. Koichi Okada of GIKEN LTD. reported on the results of measurements using optical fiber in horizontal loading tests of actual sheet piles. He reported that the tilt angle and horizontal displacement obtained by integrating the results of continuous strain measurements agreed well with those obtained by conventional discrete inclinometers.
A04: Determination of the Optimal Angle between Vertical and Inclined Piles used for Embankment Protection during Earthquakes
Prof. Hemanta Hazarika of Kyushu University presented the reinforcement method of highway embankments on liquefied ground using diagonal piles. The reinforcement effect of the diagonal piles was evaluated by dynamic effective stress analysis, referring to a model vibration experiment in a gravity field that was conducted separately. The most appropriate angle of the diagonal pile was proposed.
A05: Finite element study on the response of screw pile with open and closed shaft in dense sand
Dr. Adnan Anwar Malik of The University of Newcastle reported on the results of the FEM analysis of screw pile tip behavior. The analysis is based on a numerically validated vertical loading test of a closed-end model pile in dry sandy soil with a 200 mm penetration depth. The effect of the presence of soil plugs is reported as a numerical parametric study for the case of open-ended piles.
A06: Effect of pile embedment length on horizontal and vertical displacement of a pile under repeated lateral loading
Prof. Yoshiaki Kikuchi of Tokyo University of Science (now Coastal Development Institute of Technology) presented the results of gravity field model experiments in dry sand on the behavior of piles subjected to repeated horizontal loading. He reported that when the pile rooting is short, it shows very interesting behavior that it is lifted vertically by repeated positive-negative cyclic horizontal loading. As a guide, the embedment ratio Er, which is defined as L / lm1 (where L is the embedment depth and lm1 is the depth of the first zero bending moment of the pile in case of an infinitively long pile) is also reported to be important.
Session A-2
Pile Performance/Piling Mechanism
Pile Performance/Piling Mechanism
Chair: Kenichi Horikoshi
President & Representative Director
Seiwa Consultants Co., Ltd.
President & Representative Director
Seiwa Consultants Co., Ltd.
Session A-2: Pile Performance/Piling Mechanism: This session was held from 13:30 to 15:00 on July 4th and featured the following six papers focusing primarily on the bearing capacity and displacement behavior of pile foundations and retaining wall structures. The session also included discussions on the influences of these structures on surrounding structures and soils.
A07: Evaluation of penetration resistance, vertical bearing capacity and pull-out resistance of small diameter spiral piles subjected to positive and negative alternating loads in unsaturated sandy ground by Shah Faheem (Hokkaido University)
The paper presents an experimental study comparing the performance of spiral piles with that of conventional piles in both saturated and unsaturated soils. The performance of these piles under cyclic loading was also compared, demonstrating the effectiveness of spiral piles. Significant attention was given to the degree of degradation in bearing resistance of piles during cyclic loading.
A08: Two-dimensional model experiments on the pile group effect on existing piles by using additional piles with different properties by Tsubasa Ohata (Chuo University)
This paper examines the installation effects of an additional pile on an existing pile during horizontal loading. In the experiment, a two-dimensional model using aluminum rods was applied. The distance between the two piles was chosen as an experimental parameter. The proportion of horizontal load carried by the two piles was compared and discussed by varying the stiffness of the additional pile.
A09: Physical modeling on large diameter piles subjected to one-way cyclic loading in dense sand focusing on generalized scaling law by Lao Yilun (Tokyo Institute of Technology)
This paper presents a series of centrifuge modeling experiments to examine the applicability of the Generalized Scaling Law (GSL) proposed by Iai (2005) and Tobita (2011 & 2016) on large diameter laterally loaded single piles, which are often used for offshore wind turbines. The study found that caution is needed when applying GSL to model large-scale prototypes in scaled models, particularly when the relative stiffness between the pile and soil is high, when non-linear behavior is a major focus, and in cases of larger pile-soil relative stiffness.
A10: Regulation of tubular pile bearing capacity by internal diaphragm by Michael Doubrovsky (Odessa National Maritime University)
This paper introduces a new concept of installing an internal diaphragm inside a tubular pile to increase its bearing capacity. Laboratory experiments were conducted by varying the position of the diaphragm. In these experiments, closures of different shapes were applied to enhance the effectiveness of the diaphragm. The results show that the diaphragm increases the pile's capacity by up to 15-20%.
A11: Plastic-deformation behavior of steel pipe piles based on large-deformation lateral loading tests by Taku Kobayashi (Nippon Steel Corporation)
Large-deformation lateral-loading tests were performed on steel pipe piles driven into in-situ soil. In the tests, pile diameter and thickness were varied, and a larger horizontal force was applied to the piles up to the ultimate limit state, where local buckling occurred, and the strength decreased. The observed pile responses also allowed for a comparison of energy absorption behavior.
A12: Experimental study on the effect of preloading on the horizontal displacement of steel sheet pile walls by Nanase Ogawa (GIKEN LTD.)
This paper introduces the Preloaded Retaining Wall, a new concept for retaining wall structures, where preload is applied to installed slanting walls to minimize wall displacement and bending moments during the service period. Two patterns of preloads were examined in the study, i.e., horizontal preloading at the top of the slanting wall, and vertical preloading to the ground just behind the wall. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of both preloading methods.
Chair: Pastsakorn Kitiyodom
Managing Director, ATT Consultants Company Limited, Chief Operating Officer
TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management PCL.
A13 reported compatibility of load testing methods and the rotary cutting press-in method. In the presentation, a newly developed rapid load testing device and traditional static load testing device were utilized on steel tubular piles installed by the rotary cutting press-in method. Test results discovered reasonable compatibility between these two load testing methods.
A14 discussed the use of the press-in piling method with limited subsurface ground conditions, assuming the future use of the method on the Moon. A full-scale field test using the press-in method was carried out at a test site where the ground conditions were relatively similar to those on the Moon. Obtained press-in piling data during the field test were converted into SPT-N and CPT cone resistance qc. The results showed reasonable similarities between the estimated soil parameters and actual ground investigation test results.
A15 introduced a simple static load testing methods using a press-in piling machine. Both vertical and horizontal load capacities of the pressed-in piles were measured by utilizing the press-in piling machine. The tests results were then compared to results of normal static load testing on the same piles. The comparison showed good compatibility between the simple static load testing and normal static load testing.
A07: Evaluation of penetration resistance, vertical bearing capacity and pull-out resistance of small diameter spiral piles subjected to positive and negative alternating loads in unsaturated sandy ground by Shah Faheem (Hokkaido University)
The paper presents an experimental study comparing the performance of spiral piles with that of conventional piles in both saturated and unsaturated soils. The performance of these piles under cyclic loading was also compared, demonstrating the effectiveness of spiral piles. Significant attention was given to the degree of degradation in bearing resistance of piles during cyclic loading.
A08: Two-dimensional model experiments on the pile group effect on existing piles by using additional piles with different properties by Tsubasa Ohata (Chuo University)
This paper examines the installation effects of an additional pile on an existing pile during horizontal loading. In the experiment, a two-dimensional model using aluminum rods was applied. The distance between the two piles was chosen as an experimental parameter. The proportion of horizontal load carried by the two piles was compared and discussed by varying the stiffness of the additional pile.
A09: Physical modeling on large diameter piles subjected to one-way cyclic loading in dense sand focusing on generalized scaling law by Lao Yilun (Tokyo Institute of Technology)
This paper presents a series of centrifuge modeling experiments to examine the applicability of the Generalized Scaling Law (GSL) proposed by Iai (2005) and Tobita (2011 & 2016) on large diameter laterally loaded single piles, which are often used for offshore wind turbines. The study found that caution is needed when applying GSL to model large-scale prototypes in scaled models, particularly when the relative stiffness between the pile and soil is high, when non-linear behavior is a major focus, and in cases of larger pile-soil relative stiffness.
A10: Regulation of tubular pile bearing capacity by internal diaphragm by Michael Doubrovsky (Odessa National Maritime University)
This paper introduces a new concept of installing an internal diaphragm inside a tubular pile to increase its bearing capacity. Laboratory experiments were conducted by varying the position of the diaphragm. In these experiments, closures of different shapes were applied to enhance the effectiveness of the diaphragm. The results show that the diaphragm increases the pile's capacity by up to 15-20%.
A11: Plastic-deformation behavior of steel pipe piles based on large-deformation lateral loading tests by Taku Kobayashi (Nippon Steel Corporation)
Large-deformation lateral-loading tests were performed on steel pipe piles driven into in-situ soil. In the tests, pile diameter and thickness were varied, and a larger horizontal force was applied to the piles up to the ultimate limit state, where local buckling occurred, and the strength decreased. The observed pile responses also allowed for a comparison of energy absorption behavior.
A12: Experimental study on the effect of preloading on the horizontal displacement of steel sheet pile walls by Nanase Ogawa (GIKEN LTD.)
This paper introduces the Preloaded Retaining Wall, a new concept for retaining wall structures, where preload is applied to installed slanting walls to minimize wall displacement and bending moments during the service period. Two patterns of preloads were examined in the study, i.e., horizontal preloading at the top of the slanting wall, and vertical preloading to the ground just behind the wall. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of both preloading methods.
Session A-3
Pile Performance/Piling Mechanism
Pile Performance/Piling Mechanism
Chair: Pastsakorn Kitiyodom
Managing Director, ATT Consultants Company Limited, Chief Operating Officer
TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management PCL.
Session A-3 consisted of 3 presentations focused on the performance and mechanism of pile foundations installed by the press-in piling method. All presentations showed convincing compatibility between the press-in piling mechanism and pile performance. The session also implied a possibility of future expansion of utilization of the press-in piling data in this field.
The title and presenter for each paper are summarized in the following table:
| No. | Paper Title | Presenter and Organization |
| A13 | Development of rapid load test device and its applicability to piles installed by Rotary Cutting Press-in | Koichi Okada GIKEN LTD |
| A14 | Use of Press-in Piling Data for Construction on the Moon: Estimating Subsurface Information and Pile Capacity | Yukihiro Ishihara GIKEN LTD |
| A15 | Simple static vertical and horizontal loading tests on small pipe piles using press-in machine | Yukihiro Ishihara GIKEN LTD |
A13 reported compatibility of load testing methods and the rotary cutting press-in method. In the presentation, a newly developed rapid load testing device and traditional static load testing device were utilized on steel tubular piles installed by the rotary cutting press-in method. Test results discovered reasonable compatibility between these two load testing methods.
A14 discussed the use of the press-in piling method with limited subsurface ground conditions, assuming the future use of the method on the Moon. A full-scale field test using the press-in method was carried out at a test site where the ground conditions were relatively similar to those on the Moon. Obtained press-in piling data during the field test were converted into SPT-N and CPT cone resistance qc. The results showed reasonable similarities between the estimated soil parameters and actual ground investigation test results.
A15 introduced a simple static load testing methods using a press-in piling machine. Both vertical and horizontal load capacities of the pressed-in piles were measured by utilizing the press-in piling machine. The tests results were then compared to results of normal static load testing on the same piles. The comparison showed good compatibility between the simple static load testing and normal static load testing.
Session B
Climate Change/Infrastructure Development
Climate Change/Infrastructure Development
Chair: Jianfeng Xue
Associate Professor, School of Engineering and Technology
The University of New South Wales, Australia
Associate Professor, School of Engineering and Technology
The University of New South Wales, Australia
Six presentations were scheduled, however, only five presenters attended the session. There are three presentations on case studies (B01, 03, and 04), one on centrifuge modelling (B05), and another focusing on the educational and qualification aspects of machinery operators in press-in technology in Japan.
| No. | First Authors | Paper Title | Presented |
| B01 | Takeshi Yamazaki Tepco Customer Service Co., Ltd. |
Reuse of removed electric PC pole to ground reinforcing member | Yes |
| B02 | Andrew McNamara City, University London |
Improving performance of existing deep foundations | No |
| B03 | Hiroki Kitamura Giken Seisakusho Asia Pte., Ltd |
Advanced Construction Solutions in Thailand: The Pasak Riverbank Protection Project from a Construction Perspective | Yes |
| B04 | Goh Teik Lim Atsunew Giken Pte. Ltd. |
Use of wider type of steel sheet piles for ERSS applications in Singapore | Yes |
| B05 | Abdulaleem Omar Abdulaleem Dawood Tokushima University |
Influence of sheet pile on stress distribution in non- invert tunnel: A centrifuge model study | Yes |
| B06 | Daisuke Hirose International Press-in Association |
Introduction of educational training and qualification systems for fostering press-in piling technicians in Japan | Yes |
B01 presented the utilization of electric PC poles as ground reinforcement elements, highlighting the methods for preparing these elements by halving the poles to meet the size requirements specified in the Japan Standard for foundation reinforcement. Additionally, a bending test method was demonstrated to assess the structural integrity of these poles. Press-in technology was employed for their installation.
B03 presented a case study of using press-in sheet piles in a riverbank protection project. The design and construction of the sheet piles were introduced. The piles were designed to the same length, resulting in varying factors of safety (FOS) to enhance construction efficiency. It shows the advantage of using press-in sheet piles in river bank protection projects.
B04 is about the advantage of using wider type of steel sheet piles as earth reinforced seawall structures in Singapore. It discussed the construction efficiency of using wider sheet piles in press-in technology compared to normal standard sizes.
B05 introduced results of a set of centrifuge tests on stress distribution in non-invert tunnels with and without sheet piles. It demonstrated that sheet piles can effectively reduce the negative impact of nearby construction activities or structures on induced stresses on on-invert tunnel members.
B06 demonstrated the success professional training scheme adopted in Japan on machinery operators in the Press-in piling industry. It introduced the importance of having systematic training on the operators to ensure the installation quality of press-in piles. The audience deliberated on the potential replacement of manual operators with AI technology.
B03 presented a case study of using press-in sheet piles in a riverbank protection project. The design and construction of the sheet piles were introduced. The piles were designed to the same length, resulting in varying factors of safety (FOS) to enhance construction efficiency. It shows the advantage of using press-in sheet piles in river bank protection projects.
B04 is about the advantage of using wider type of steel sheet piles as earth reinforced seawall structures in Singapore. It discussed the construction efficiency of using wider sheet piles in press-in technology compared to normal standard sizes.
B05 introduced results of a set of centrifuge tests on stress distribution in non-invert tunnels with and without sheet piles. It demonstrated that sheet piles can effectively reduce the negative impact of nearby construction activities or structures on induced stresses on on-invert tunnel members.
B06 demonstrated the success professional training scheme adopted in Japan on machinery operators in the Press-in piling industry. It introduced the importance of having systematic training on the operators to ensure the installation quality of press-in piles. The audience deliberated on the potential replacement of manual operators with AI technology.
Session C-1
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Chair: Yoshiaki Kikuchi
Councilor
Coastal Development Institute of Technology
Councilor
Coastal Development Institute of Technology
There were following six presentations in this session. Most of them were related to disaster prevention and mitigation.
C01: Kakuta Fujiwara (Tokai University): Experimental and analytical study on liquefied sand behavior under an embankment with PFS Method
C01 was research on clarifying effect of PFS Method (Partially Floating Sheet-piles Method) by modeling experiment and analysis. The PFS Method involves a combination of short and long sheet piles arranged at specific intervals within a sheet pile wall. This design allows for the movement of soils from the loading side to the unloading side through gaps between the long sheet piles. Effects of the intervals of long sheet piles to ground deformation, excess pore pressure generation，settlement of embankment side were checked by simplified two-dimensional conditions. The author concluded that actual three-dimensional problem can be estimated from the simplified two-dimensional research results. In the discussion, accuracy of the estimation of the actual case was discussed.
C02: Yuki Yamakuri (Chuo University): Bearing capacity analysis of a shallow foundation with sheet piles under inclined loads by rigid-plastic finite element method
C02 was research on the foundation improved by sheet pile in both sides. Especially, the changes of ground deformation mode and resistance of the improved foundation under inclined load were discussed by numerical analysis. The author found that the horizontal resistance improvement ratio was greater than vertical resistance improvement ratio. In the discussion, several questions on analysis conditions such as effects of mesh size or coefficient of friction on the sheet piles were raised and answered.
C03: Siriwan Waichita (Altemtech Co., Ltd.): Case history: Press-in sheet pile on the collapsed riverbank
C03 was a report on the example of press-in piling method to the renewal of the canals surrounding the historical buildings. In the previous canal, shortly embedded pile walls were used for supporting the level distance of the canal and it was difficult to support the level distance. In the new canal, long sheet piles were constructed by silent piler and concrete beams were constructed in the base of the canal. In the discussion, the reason of the silent piler selection for the sheet pile construction and the answer was easiness of the temporary construction.
C04: Siavash Manafi Khajeh Pasha (GIKEN LTD.): Field reconnaissance insights from the 2024 Noto Earthquake
C04 was a report of the disaster of 2024 Noto earthquake. The contents of the report included earthquake mechanism, slope failure, liquefaction, and structural damages of several facilities. In the discussion, there was a comment that important point should be the engineers should have their opinions how to manage the problems clarified by the investigation.
C05: Kojiro Okabayashi (National Institute of Technology, Kochi College): Fundamental research on liquefaction countermeasures for double steel sheet pile quay walls using permeable sandbags
The research conducted in C05 focused on enhancing the seismic resistance of double sheet pile structures. In this study, the liquefaction resistance of infilling soil was improved through the utilization of permeable sandbags and permeable sheet piles on the shore side. During the discussion, an inquiry arose regarding the slight variation in deformation between sheet piles with or without the use of permeable sheet piles when employing permeable sandbags. The author responded by affirming that utilizing sandbags alone proved to be sufficiently effective in improving liquefaction resistance.
C06: Sayuri Tasaki (GIKEN SEKO CO., LTD.)): Development and Future Prospects of Waterproof Wall Method between Tubular Piles Based on the Gyropress Method
The report C06 focused on the utilization of the Gyropress Method for repairing damaged revetment in a fishing harbor, with particular emphasis on ensuring waterproofing of the steel wall constructed using this method. To achieve waterproofing, two small diameter steel piles were installed between the main steel piles, and the resulting space was filled with mortar enclosed in an impermeable bag. The discussion addressed the impact of deflection on waterproof performance at specific points. In response to this concern, it was clarified by the author that in the presented case, where deflection of the steel wall remained minimal, any reduction in waterproof performance was effectively minimized.
C01: Kakuta Fujiwara (Tokai University): Experimental and analytical study on liquefied sand behavior under an embankment with PFS Method
C01 was research on clarifying effect of PFS Method (Partially Floating Sheet-piles Method) by modeling experiment and analysis. The PFS Method involves a combination of short and long sheet piles arranged at specific intervals within a sheet pile wall. This design allows for the movement of soils from the loading side to the unloading side through gaps between the long sheet piles. Effects of the intervals of long sheet piles to ground deformation, excess pore pressure generation，settlement of embankment side were checked by simplified two-dimensional conditions. The author concluded that actual three-dimensional problem can be estimated from the simplified two-dimensional research results. In the discussion, accuracy of the estimation of the actual case was discussed.
C02: Yuki Yamakuri (Chuo University): Bearing capacity analysis of a shallow foundation with sheet piles under inclined loads by rigid-plastic finite element method
C02 was research on the foundation improved by sheet pile in both sides. Especially, the changes of ground deformation mode and resistance of the improved foundation under inclined load were discussed by numerical analysis. The author found that the horizontal resistance improvement ratio was greater than vertical resistance improvement ratio. In the discussion, several questions on analysis conditions such as effects of mesh size or coefficient of friction on the sheet piles were raised and answered.
C03: Siriwan Waichita (Altemtech Co., Ltd.): Case history: Press-in sheet pile on the collapsed riverbank
C03 was a report on the example of press-in piling method to the renewal of the canals surrounding the historical buildings. In the previous canal, shortly embedded pile walls were used for supporting the level distance of the canal and it was difficult to support the level distance. In the new canal, long sheet piles were constructed by silent piler and concrete beams were constructed in the base of the canal. In the discussion, the reason of the silent piler selection for the sheet pile construction and the answer was easiness of the temporary construction.
C04: Siavash Manafi Khajeh Pasha (GIKEN LTD.): Field reconnaissance insights from the 2024 Noto Earthquake
C04 was a report of the disaster of 2024 Noto earthquake. The contents of the report included earthquake mechanism, slope failure, liquefaction, and structural damages of several facilities. In the discussion, there was a comment that important point should be the engineers should have their opinions how to manage the problems clarified by the investigation.
C05: Kojiro Okabayashi (National Institute of Technology, Kochi College): Fundamental research on liquefaction countermeasures for double steel sheet pile quay walls using permeable sandbags
The research conducted in C05 focused on enhancing the seismic resistance of double sheet pile structures. In this study, the liquefaction resistance of infilling soil was improved through the utilization of permeable sandbags and permeable sheet piles on the shore side. During the discussion, an inquiry arose regarding the slight variation in deformation between sheet piles with or without the use of permeable sheet piles when employing permeable sandbags. The author responded by affirming that utilizing sandbags alone proved to be sufficiently effective in improving liquefaction resistance.
C06: Sayuri Tasaki (GIKEN SEKO CO., LTD.)): Development and Future Prospects of Waterproof Wall Method between Tubular Piles Based on the Gyropress Method
The report C06 focused on the utilization of the Gyropress Method for repairing damaged revetment in a fishing harbor, with particular emphasis on ensuring waterproofing of the steel wall constructed using this method. To achieve waterproofing, two small diameter steel piles were installed between the main steel piles, and the resulting space was filled with mortar enclosed in an impermeable bag. The discussion addressed the impact of deflection on waterproof performance at specific points. In response to this concern, it was clarified by the author that in the presented case, where deflection of the steel wall remained minimal, any reduction in waterproof performance was effectively minimized.
Session C-2
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Chair: Katsutoshi Ueno
Associate Professor
Tokushima University
Associate Professor
Tokushima University
Session C-2 covered six presentations regarding disaster prevention and mitigation measures which utilized sheet piling and the press-in piling method. Various protective and remedial countermeasures were introduced in these papers, such as liquefaction prevention, seismic protections and scour protections etc. The efficiency of the press-in method for disaster prevention and mitigation was highlighted in each paper in relation to these fields. The title and presenter for each paper are summarized in the following table:
| No. | Paper Title | Presenter and Organization |
| C07 | Deformation suppression effect of double steel sheet pile method for river levee on soft ground against mega earthquake | Kentaro Nakai Nagoya University |
| C08 | Press-in technology to recover capacity of bridge pile foundation and application prospect in Vietnam | Vu Anh Tuan Le Quy Don Technical University |
| C09 | Analytical approach to analysis of piles in liquified sand using design geotechnical parameters predicted from field pile load tests | Siavash Manafi Khajeh Pasha GIKEN LTD. |
| C10 | Investigation of horizontal performance of levee consisting of double sheet pile walls and partition walls by 1-g model tests | Kazunori Toda GIKEN LTD. |
| C11 | Investigation into geotechnical parameters of liquefied sand by static pile load tests, cone penetration tests, and pressuremeter tests | Kazunori Toda GIKEN LTD. |
| C12 | Investigation into the performance of levees and embankments reinforced with sheet pile walls | Joel N'Dah Koffi GIKEN LTD. |
C07 is an award-winning paper. It introduced the effectiveness of the double steel sheet pile method (twin sheet pile walls supported with tie-rods) as a seismic countermeasure for river levees and embankments against earthquakes. The presentation showing the analysis results in animation was very impressive.
C08 first introduced a case study on exposure and deterioration of bridge foundations due to riverbed subsidence in Vietnam, then it discussed the use of sheet piles and the press-in piling method to remediate deteriorated bridge foundations by regaining their bearing capacities. The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated through model experiments. Prospects of the press-in piling technology in Vietnam was also introduced.
C09 focused on the research on horizontal pile behavior predictions in liquefied soils. The analysis was conducted using test models and large-scale pile tests. Prediction method of p-y courves based on CPT results were proposed and evaluated by comparing with existing p-y backbone courves under lateral loading. The method was well received from the floor.
C10 discussed the effectiveness of a reinforcement method for river levees using double sheet pile walls joined with partition walls. The effectiveness was actually demonstrated by load tests on reduced models, especially concentrated in the effect of horizontal restraint by partition wall between the sheet piles that make up the double sheet pile wall. It was shown that the stronger the restraint, the more consistent the behavior of the two sheet piles became, and the higher the horizontal resistance became.
C11 showed an approach to obtain geotechnical parameters of liquefied soils using a unique “Liquefaction Test Apparatus”. In order to examine the parameters from a different perspective, static vertical and horizontal load tests, cone penetration tests and borehole pressuremeter tests were carried out. This also is a valuable study, as it is a full-scale model experiment and provides useful experimental data.
C12 introduced a resiliency of earthen levees and embankments which were reinforced by embedded pile walls, against water-related natural disasters. Actual examples of the protection method utilizing the press-in piling method were also introduced.
C08 first introduced a case study on exposure and deterioration of bridge foundations due to riverbed subsidence in Vietnam, then it discussed the use of sheet piles and the press-in piling method to remediate deteriorated bridge foundations by regaining their bearing capacities. The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated through model experiments. Prospects of the press-in piling technology in Vietnam was also introduced.
C09 focused on the research on horizontal pile behavior predictions in liquefied soils. The analysis was conducted using test models and large-scale pile tests. Prediction method of p-y courves based on CPT results were proposed and evaluated by comparing with existing p-y backbone courves under lateral loading. The method was well received from the floor.
C10 discussed the effectiveness of a reinforcement method for river levees using double sheet pile walls joined with partition walls. The effectiveness was actually demonstrated by load tests on reduced models, especially concentrated in the effect of horizontal restraint by partition wall between the sheet piles that make up the double sheet pile wall. It was shown that the stronger the restraint, the more consistent the behavior of the two sheet piles became, and the higher the horizontal resistance became.
C11 showed an approach to obtain geotechnical parameters of liquefied soils using a unique “Liquefaction Test Apparatus”. In order to examine the parameters from a different perspective, static vertical and horizontal load tests, cone penetration tests and borehole pressuremeter tests were carried out. This also is a valuable study, as it is a full-scale model experiment and provides useful experimental data.
C12 introduced a resiliency of earthen levees and embankments which were reinforced by embedded pile walls, against water-related natural disasters. Actual examples of the protection method utilizing the press-in piling method were also introduced.
Session D-1
Project Case Histories/Piling Mechanism
Project Case Histories/Piling Mechanism
Chair: Mark Albert H. Zarco
Professor, Institute of Civil Engineering
University of the Philippines, Diliman
Professor, Institute of Civil Engineering
University of the Philippines, Diliman
Session D-1 consisted of seven presentations focused on the performance and mechanisms of pile foundations using press-in engineering. These included three papers (D01, D02, and D07) discussing pile testing methodologies; two papers (D04 and D06) examining the use of SPT/CPT test results to estimate pile capacity; one paper (D03) on estimating the angle of friction; and one paper (D05) discussing the application of a Double Hat-type sheet pile wall in Thailand. The title and presenter for each paper are summarized in the following table:
| No. | Paper Title | Presenter and Organization |
| D01 | Rapid load test on a press-in steel pipe pile with Gyropress Method for confirmation of design bearing capacity | Ram Krishna Mandal Jibanshikenjo Co. Ltd. |
| D02 | Applicability on optical fiber sensors for stress evaluation of piles | Akihito Nakazato System Measure Co. Ltd. |
| D03 | Fundamental study of the effect of particle size distribution and shape of sand on the angle of repose test results | Eri Kamegaya Chuo University |
| D04 | Comparison of CPT averaging methods for estimating the pile base resistance | Chai Fei UNSW Canberra |
| D05 | The first application of double hat-type sheet pile revetment installed by press-in method in Thailand: Pasak River Bank Protection Project | Sommai Chavalitjiraphan Geo-Technology Consultants Co., Ltd. |
| D06 | Assessment of an SPT-based approach for predicting the axial bearing capacity of concrete pile foundations installed by the driving and press-in methods | Sotheara Kong Institute of Technology of Cambodia |
| D07 | Vertical load tests on zero sheet pile pressed-in into alluvial soft ground | Yukinori Toda GIKEN LTD. |
D01 proposed a new and more reliable method for obtaining load-displacement relationships for steel pipe piles installed using the Gyropress Method.
D02 discussed the use of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) optical fiber sensors for measuring stresses in piles during static load testing.
D03 demonstrated that, for dry sands, the angle of internal friction can be estimated from the angle of repose which are experimentally easier to obtain.
D04 highlighted the different subsurface conditions under which each of the CPT averaging methods for estimate pile base resistance performed best.
D05 demonstrated that the use of double hat-type sheet pile wall was strong and capable of withstanding impacts from ships. It also allowed for a simple construction method, minimized disturbance to the surrounding soil, and reduced environmental impact.
D06 discussed the validation of Decourt’s method for estimating the axial capacity of driven and press-in piles installed in Cambodia and the Philippines using SPT results.
D07 showed that vertical resistance to compressive loads applied to zero sheet piles is predominantly frictional. It also showed that the second-limit-resistance per pile was greater for interlocking piles compared to single piles.
D02 discussed the use of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) optical fiber sensors for measuring stresses in piles during static load testing.
D03 demonstrated that, for dry sands, the angle of internal friction can be estimated from the angle of repose which are experimentally easier to obtain.
D04 highlighted the different subsurface conditions under which each of the CPT averaging methods for estimate pile base resistance performed best.
D05 demonstrated that the use of double hat-type sheet pile wall was strong and capable of withstanding impacts from ships. It also allowed for a simple construction method, minimized disturbance to the surrounding soil, and reduced environmental impact.
D06 discussed the validation of Decourt’s method for estimating the axial capacity of driven and press-in piles installed in Cambodia and the Philippines using SPT results.
D07 showed that vertical resistance to compressive loads applied to zero sheet piles is predominantly frictional. It also showed that the second-limit-resistance per pile was greater for interlocking piles compared to single piles.
Session D-2
Project Case Histories/Quality Assurance
Project Case Histories/Quality Assurance
Chair: Shinji Taenaka
Head of Dept., Infrastructure& Construction Products Dept.
Nippon Steel Corporation
Head of Dept., Infrastructure& Construction Products Dept.
Nippon Steel Corporation
Session D-2 contained 6 interesting papers covering a wide range of topics from laboratory and numerical tests, field tests and material investigation to project report in actual applications, as listed below. The novel development is introduced in D08 and D09, while the detailed investigation is carried out in D10. The other three are pure case history reports in D11 to D12. This session was particularly noteworthy in that several presentations were made with an awareness of their contribution to reducing environmental impact. We hope to see more reports from this perspective in the future.
D08 Simultaneous pull-out filling method of retaining piles that contributes to the SDGs (GEOTETS method)
In the first presentation, Mr. Yasuhiko Nishi (Civil Assist Co., Ltd.) introduced the GEOTETS methods solving the subsidence of the surrounding ground at the time of pile removal. The GEOTETS method fill the void immediately after the extraction of steel sheet piles and solidify in about 1 minutes. This filler material is one of the permanent cementitious pouring materials developed for this method. The presentation covered the features of filler materials, construction process of this method, field tests in collaboration with Miyazaki Univ., and the potential applications. Examples of the application in the actual projects have been introduced from a railway project, proximity construction to private houses and so on.
D09 Potential of implementing cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass concrete piles in press-in engineering
The second presentation by Dr. Kwong Soon Wong (Curtin University) focused on the cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass as the alternative materials of the concrete. Over the years, the consumption of concrete keeps increasing so that alternative materials need be prepared to replace especially the natural aggregates. This is the CRT glass waste (e-waste). The size, mechanical strength and Alkali-Slica reaction of CRT glass have been discussed in the presentation, suggesting the potential to be used in producing reinforced concrete pile and the implemented in press-in engineering.
D10 Observation of soil behavior during pressing pile: considering the effect of multiple layer and particle size
The paper by Mr. Naoki Suzuki and co-author from GIKEN LTD. and Hokkaido University reported laboratory observation of the behavior of soil deformation during pile diameter, due especially to particle size effect. In order to measure the soi deformation for large size specimens, the inclinometer systems successfully gathered data during pile installation into multi-layered soil. In multi-layered case, earth pressure increases with penetration but the peak appears shallower rather than single layered soil. It was reported that particle size effects appeared with the relationship to the pile diameter. These findings have been verified by a numerical studies using the rigid body spring model (RBSM).
D11 Construction example of a retaining wall by Combi-Gyro Method
The actual project of the press-in piling was reported by Mr. Kazuyuki Matsuzawa and co-author form ENFIVE PTE. LTD. and SATO JUKI Corporation. The development of the new road has led to the formation of a network in Japan. The construction of a retaining wall has been applied for cutting the slope of the hill, in which the Combi-Gyro method was adopted. The Steel wall by Combi-gyro method is built by single press-in machine both the tubular piles and Hat sheet piles, leading to the highly stiff combination wall. In this project, a total of 159 Hat-type steel sheet piles 10H (L=7.0 to 9.5 m) and 82 steel pipe piles with a diameter of 800 mm (L=13.5 to 16.0 m) were completed within a 45-day construction period.
D12 Construction of retaining walls on a steep slope by Gyropress Method
Mr. Kazuyuki Matsuzawa (ENFIVE PTE. LTD.) also presented Road widening project in Japan, where the region is characterized by mountains, with the existing road flanked by steep slopes on both sides. To address difficulties to secure construction yards and access roads, the press-in piling method, especially in conjunction with the GRB system, was considered highly advantageous. For this particular site, the construction of two rows of steel pipe retaining walls was planned and constructed using the Gyropress method with a total of 274 steel tubular piles was completed in approximately 6 months. In addition, this paper reported the efficiency of the Inplant Navi system for quality control and conformance management of piles at the site.
D13 Design aspects of hat type steel sheet pile for Pa Sak River Improvement Project in Thailand
The presentation by Woraphon Wiriyatharakij (ATT Consultants Co.,Ltd) introduced the project located in the city area of Ayutthaya province, a historical city of Thailand. The project is to construct a riverbank protection wall to prevent erosion on the Pa Sak River. The design analysis using PLAXIS was mainly reported to model construction process of the double wall sheet pile system using 45H and 25H hat type sheet piles with a concrete capping beam and slab with tie beam. To reduce risk factors for the stability of the current riverbank, Press-in technology was introduced in this project. The presentation covered the project information, structural design, sheet pile properties and piling method with water-jetting.
D08 Simultaneous pull-out filling method of retaining piles that contributes to the SDGs (GEOTETS method)
In the first presentation, Mr. Yasuhiko Nishi (Civil Assist Co., Ltd.) introduced the GEOTETS methods solving the subsidence of the surrounding ground at the time of pile removal. The GEOTETS method fill the void immediately after the extraction of steel sheet piles and solidify in about 1 minutes. This filler material is one of the permanent cementitious pouring materials developed for this method. The presentation covered the features of filler materials, construction process of this method, field tests in collaboration with Miyazaki Univ., and the potential applications. Examples of the application in the actual projects have been introduced from a railway project, proximity construction to private houses and so on.
D09 Potential of implementing cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass concrete piles in press-in engineering
The second presentation by Dr. Kwong Soon Wong (Curtin University) focused on the cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass as the alternative materials of the concrete. Over the years, the consumption of concrete keeps increasing so that alternative materials need be prepared to replace especially the natural aggregates. This is the CRT glass waste (e-waste). The size, mechanical strength and Alkali-Slica reaction of CRT glass have been discussed in the presentation, suggesting the potential to be used in producing reinforced concrete pile and the implemented in press-in engineering.
D10 Observation of soil behavior during pressing pile: considering the effect of multiple layer and particle size
The paper by Mr. Naoki Suzuki and co-author from GIKEN LTD. and Hokkaido University reported laboratory observation of the behavior of soil deformation during pile diameter, due especially to particle size effect. In order to measure the soi deformation for large size specimens, the inclinometer systems successfully gathered data during pile installation into multi-layered soil. In multi-layered case, earth pressure increases with penetration but the peak appears shallower rather than single layered soil. It was reported that particle size effects appeared with the relationship to the pile diameter. These findings have been verified by a numerical studies using the rigid body spring model (RBSM).
D11 Construction example of a retaining wall by Combi-Gyro Method
The actual project of the press-in piling was reported by Mr. Kazuyuki Matsuzawa and co-author form ENFIVE PTE. LTD. and SATO JUKI Corporation. The development of the new road has led to the formation of a network in Japan. The construction of a retaining wall has been applied for cutting the slope of the hill, in which the Combi-Gyro method was adopted. The Steel wall by Combi-gyro method is built by single press-in machine both the tubular piles and Hat sheet piles, leading to the highly stiff combination wall. In this project, a total of 159 Hat-type steel sheet piles 10H (L=7.0 to 9.5 m) and 82 steel pipe piles with a diameter of 800 mm (L=13.5 to 16.0 m) were completed within a 45-day construction period.
D12 Construction of retaining walls on a steep slope by Gyropress Method
Mr. Kazuyuki Matsuzawa (ENFIVE PTE. LTD.) also presented Road widening project in Japan, where the region is characterized by mountains, with the existing road flanked by steep slopes on both sides. To address difficulties to secure construction yards and access roads, the press-in piling method, especially in conjunction with the GRB system, was considered highly advantageous. For this particular site, the construction of two rows of steel pipe retaining walls was planned and constructed using the Gyropress method with a total of 274 steel tubular piles was completed in approximately 6 months. In addition, this paper reported the efficiency of the Inplant Navi system for quality control and conformance management of piles at the site.
D13 Design aspects of hat type steel sheet pile for Pa Sak River Improvement Project in Thailand
The presentation by Woraphon Wiriyatharakij (ATT Consultants Co.,Ltd) introduced the project located in the city area of Ayutthaya province, a historical city of Thailand. The project is to construct a riverbank protection wall to prevent erosion on the Pa Sak River. The design analysis using PLAXIS was mainly reported to model construction process of the double wall sheet pile system using 45H and 25H hat type sheet piles with a concrete capping beam and slab with tie beam. To reduce risk factors for the stability of the current riverbank, Press-in technology was introduced in this project. The presentation covered the project information, structural design, sheet pile properties and piling method with water-jetting.
Session E
Infrastructure Development
Infrastructure Development
Chair: Michael Doubrovsky
Professor, Department of Ports and Waterways
Odessa National Maritime University
Professor, Department of Ports and Waterways
Odessa National Maritime University
The following six interesting and useful presentations were made. These are four analyses of the implemented press-in projects (E01—E04) and two laboratory model tests (E05, E06). Implemented press-in projects related to the tubular piles’ application in various conditions (E01, E02) as well as to the sheet piling peculiarities and effectiveness (E03, E04). Experimental studies dealt with sheet pile foundations behavior and results of the model tests.
| No. | Paper Titles | Presenter and Organization |
| E01 | Opportunities and challenges of press-in piling for sustainable inner city quay wall development in Amsterdam | Kevin Duffy Delft University of Technology |
| E02 | Short- and long-term behaviours of cantilever-type large-diameter steel tubular pile wall embedded in soft rock against various loadings | S M Shafi Tokyo Institute of Technology |
| E03 | Protection of a tsunami refuge building with pressed-in sheet pile flood walls | Takefumi Takuma Giken America Corporation |
| E04 | Press-in piling applications: Social infrastructure development using the Implant Method® | Masafumi Yamaguchi GIKEN LTD. |
| E05 | Model tests on the effects of head fixation and separation distances for double sheet pile earth retaining wall method | Akihiro Kikuchi Chuo University |
| E06 | Experimental study on the effect of penetration length and eccentricity of sheet pile foundation on bearing capacity | Ryuto Shikakura Chuo University |
E01. With the growth of press-in piling in the Netherlands, this paper presents some of the opportunities and challenges facing press-in piling, with a particular focus on how the CPT can be used to improve pile design and installation forecasting.
E02. Centrifuge model tests were carried out to study the stability of the retaining wall. The resilience effect developed during dynamic loading plays a critical role in determining the wall's behavior under dynamic and static loading.
E03. Steel sheet pile walls with concrete cover were built on the perimeter of a high school campus to isolate the school buildings from future flooding in the regional city of Naruto in southwestern Japan. The press-in piling method was utilized so as not to disturb students or nearby residents with noise or vibration.
E04. This paper describes the usefulness and applications of the press-in piling in the renovation of social infrastructure in Japan, where a diversified society and preparation for natural disasters are required.
E05. In this study, authors conducted model tests focusing on the effects of head fixation and separation distances. They explored the relationship between excavation depth and horizontal displacement. Head fixation significantly influenced the front retaining wall, resulting in a notable reduction in horizontal displacement.
E06. Authors discussed vertical loading experiments using a 2D ground model composed of aluminum rods, and varying the sheet pile penetration length and eccentricity from the center of gravity. Image analysis was employed to track the movement of the model’s ground particles and to visualize slip lines. As a result, the bearing capacity is improved by penetrating the sheet pile.
E02. Centrifuge model tests were carried out to study the stability of the retaining wall. The resilience effect developed during dynamic loading plays a critical role in determining the wall's behavior under dynamic and static loading.
E03. Steel sheet pile walls with concrete cover were built on the perimeter of a high school campus to isolate the school buildings from future flooding in the regional city of Naruto in southwestern Japan. The press-in piling method was utilized so as not to disturb students or nearby residents with noise or vibration.
E04. This paper describes the usefulness and applications of the press-in piling in the renovation of social infrastructure in Japan, where a diversified society and preparation for natural disasters are required.
E05. In this study, authors conducted model tests focusing on the effects of head fixation and separation distances. They explored the relationship between excavation depth and horizontal displacement. Head fixation significantly influenced the front retaining wall, resulting in a notable reduction in horizontal displacement.
E06. Authors discussed vertical loading experiments using a 2D ground model composed of aluminum rods, and varying the sheet pile penetration length and eccentricity from the center of gravity. Image analysis was employed to track the movement of the model’s ground particles and to visualize slip lines. As a result, the bearing capacity is improved by penetrating the sheet pile.
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